Field trip: N1X and CLP-785

Posted on August 23, 2023 by pj

Having tried Yamaha‘s lower-end digital pianos, I decided to try the upper end. So, I took a short field trip to Classic Pianos Bellevue, WA.

First, a shout out to Classic Pianos! They have a huge piano showroom in Bellevue, WA covering the full range from entry-level to the concert stage. Their manager was super friendly and helpful. I recommend visiting if you are questing (lusting) for a digital or acoustic piano.

My original goal was to try the top of the line spinet-style CLP-785. The general manager suggested trying the N1X hybrid, which proved to be an excellent idea even though the N1X is beyond my budget. The CLP-785 is expensive, but within striking distance price-wise. Playing the two instruments gave me a basis for comparison between higher-end, digital instruments.

Overall, this was a worthwhile trip. I have a better idea of the tangibles offered in each price tier. Furniture aside, it all comes down to the piano playing experience: touch (action), expression, and sound (sound system). Secondary features like extra voices, recording, touch display, and so forth are less important in the Yamaha product line. All models have similar, equivalent or identical secondary features (e.g., maybe a different number of voices or effects).

Yamaha N1X

Even though I didn’t spend as much time with the N1X, I thought I would mention it first in order to draw comparisons. The N1X is a hybrid digital with a for-real grand piano hammer action, digital synthesis and a superb sound system. Quite frankly, one can play the N1X and forget that it uses electronic audio reproduction. The response and acoustic sound field are authentic. In other words, you believe that you are playing a for-real acoustic piano.

Anybody can bang away at a piano. (I’ve been guilty of this sin, mea culpa.) To me, the real test is how an instrument responds to delicate gestures. Can a player bring out quiet nuance? Can a player swell and ebb across a large dynamic range? The N1X ably passes this test.

Amazing. The only thing better is the real thing. I briefly played a Yamaha C7 grand at the end of my session of trials. Yes, the C7 is fantastic and excels at response. We’re talking $10,000 USD (N1X) versus $68,000 (C7), folks. I didn’t dare profane one of the Bösendorfers on display… 🙂

Yamaha CLP-785

Uppermost, I wanted to try the CLP-785’s GrandTouch action. The 785 has the most refined action in the CLP range with linear-graded, wooden (white) keys and counterweights. The 785’s sound system is tri-amplified (woofer, mid-range, tweeter) and has transducers to add soundboard emulation.

After waxing rhapsodic about the N1X, it seems like anything I say about the 785 is faint praise. However, the CLP-785 ($6,400) is a solid citizen and I would be happy to own and play one. The action and key-to-sound connection allows subtlety and nuance. Practice on the 785 should translate well to the Petrof acoustic grand at our church — my top requirement. And, playing the 785 was down-right enjoyable without overtaxing my hands. [71 years old and somewhat arthritic.]

The 785 synthesis and amplication system produces a pleasant sound field. Not as authentic as the N1X, but a definite step up from the CLP-775. I think Yamaha are on to something with these transducers. They have added bi-directional horns to the new CSP-295 for soundboard emulation. Thus, I’d like to give the CSP-295 ($7,300) a spin when it’s available at Classic Pianos. Finally, I’d like to try a CP88 — if I can ever find one — just to round things out.

Well, there you have it. The quest goes on and I’m in no hurry. The N1X and CLP-785 are serious money, so careful and slow is the way to go. Plus, we’re heading into the Fall product announcement season. Will Yamaha celebrate the 40th anniversary of the Clavinova with new CLPs?

Yamaha VRM technology

Posted on August 18, 2023 by pj

I would love to write a “PJ explains all about VRM” article, but the more I learn, the more I recognize the breadth and depth of the technology. If you would like to know more about Yamaha’s Virtual Resonance Modeling from a player’s perspective, please see my earlier article about VRM

Sampling and modeling

We know that a relatively number of (short) piano samples by themselves sound flat. Virtual piano instruments such as those in the Vienna Symphonic Library go to great lengths to create rich, deep, evolving and playable piano tones. The VSL CFX grand boasts “up to 4,200 samples per key for maximal authenticity and liveliness.” The end result is a ginormous 115GB installed CFX library. Oh, hell, why not go for the full library at 240GB? 🙂

Massive libraries such as these would steer hardware instrument designers into solutions that really aren’t intended for low-power, light-weight electronic instruments. PC technology, that is. You could characterize the VSL approach as space-intensive. Sample playback also depends upon stable, available (disk-to-)memory bandwidth and sample caching in order to reliably stream samples as commanded by the player.

Physical modeling, such as MODARTT Pianoteq, takes a compute-intensive approach. Pianoteq’s installed size is about 50MB. That’s 3 orders of magnitude smaller than VSL! It is overly simplistic to say, but Pianoteq computes what VSL plays back. Pianoteq is its own witness to the quality and faithfulness of its internal mathematical models.

Like massive sample libraries, physical modeling requires compute resources that are at odds with a low-power embedded system like a digital musical instrument. High throughput means high power, bigger power supplies, fans, cooling, and so forth. In a manner analogous to sample playback, physical modeling requires stable, available compute capacity to maintain a consistent polyphony spec.

Why VRM?

Yamaha’s digital piano synthesis is a hybrid approach. They build on (literally) decades of experience in sampling and sound design. This experience was forged in the era of small read-only memories when pianos where packed into memories that we now regard as ridiculously small (e.g., 8MB). The CLP-685 fits the CFX, Bosendorfer, EPs and whatnot into 512MB of NAND flash memory — 2 orders of magnitude less than VSL (roughly speaking).

Instead of sampling all possible playing/tone situations, VRM adds certain dynamic qualities back into the sample playback stream. Full VRM has five components:

Damper resonance
String resonance
Body resonance
Duplex scale resonance
Damper noise

VRM reacts to player gestures in real-time — the keys that are held down, pedaling, and so forth. Thus, VRM produces a more lively experience where sample playback along might sound monotonous.

VRM is not alone in its fight against monotonous tone. Higher-end Yamaha digital pianos add techniques like transducers and soundboard emulation to enhance the playing experience. Digital pianos also rely on effects to add the spatial ambience (e.g., mic’ing and reverb) captured in ginormous sample libraries.

Compute resources

VRM involves a lot of real time computations; it, too, is compute-intensive.

VRM was first introduced in the Clavinova CLP-575 and CLP-585 digital pianos. The standard workhorse compute engine at that time was the Yamaha SWX08 processor. The SWX08 combines an SH-2A CPU core (host computer) and an unspecified number of AWM2 architecture tone generation channels. Yamaha added a heavy-weight SSP2 to the CLP-575 and CLP-585 designs for VRM processing alone. The SWX08 processor alone was not enough for VRM; a second SH-2A core (SSP2) was required.

I will say more about the internal designs in a future article. Suffice it to say, Yamaha eventually issued an SWX09 processor which is capable of both sample playback and VRM.

Yamaha VRM patents

I found two patents assigned to Yamaha by Eiji (Hidetsugu) Tominaga:

U.S. Patent 8,115,092 B2, February 14, 2012, Method for synthesizing tone signal and tone signal generating system
U.S. Patent 8,895,831 B2, November 25, 2014, Method for synthesizing tone signal and tone signal generating system

Tominaga-san is Yamaha’s resident expert in piano modeling. The two patents are very similar and both lay out the essentials of VRM.

Be forewarned — the mathematics are complex. The computations must be performed in real time and there are a lot of them. Yamaha does not add an extra processor to a product design just for kicks!

You might also enjoy these other Yamaha patents on related piano sound technology:

U.S. Patent Application 2014/0150624 A1, Yuji Fujiwara, et al, Recording and reproduction of waveform based on sound board vibrations, June 5, 2014
U.S. Patent 8,106,287 B2, Masahiko Hasebe, Tone control apparatus and method using virtual damper position, January 31, 2012
U.S. Patent 8,878,045 B2, Shinya Kosecki, Acoustic effect impartment apparatus and piano, November 4, 2014
U.S. Patent 8,729,376, Masahiro Kakishita, Musical sound synthesizing apparatus, May 10, 2014

The last patent is rather interesting. It describes a “sound deadener” to eliminate the effect of the sound board or other vibrating strings. You might want to add VRM to a stream of “pure” samples to avoid doubling up sympathetic resonance?

Virtual Resonance Modeling

So, what of the VRM models themselves?

The fully elaborated system consists of five, coupled, physical models:

Damper model
Hammer model
String model
Instrument body model
Air model

Results from each model are sent to one or more other models.

U.S. Patent 8,895,831 B2 Piano models [Yamaha]

The models take the actual piano structure into account, e.g., hammers hit one or more strings depending upon soft pedal behavior, etc. The piano cabinet, sound board, frame, bridges, bearings, and other vibratory components form the instrument body.

The models are driven by four input (controller) signals:

Key stroke data
Hammer velocity
Damper pedal stroke
Soft pedal stroke

The four input signals — controller data — vary over time. Results are computed for each time delta (a small time interval).

As to the mathematics, I recommend reading the patents. The math is dense and each model is fairly complicated.

The patents describe alternative embodiments (implementations). The full embodiment has the five models mentioned above. Other embodiments drop one or more models — no damper modeling, for example.

Modeling research

Yamaha aren’t finished yet. 🙂 If you’re curious about Yamaha’s on-going research, check out their Technologies page. One of the featured investigations is Physical Modeling and Simulation of a Piano. Yes, Tominaga-san and his compatriots at work. The page has some nifty visualizations of sound board behavior, air models and so forth.

“Physical model and simulation of piano touch”, Hidetsugu Tominaga and Juichi Sato, Tribologist Vol.62 No.10 pp. 623-628
“Physical model and simulation of a piano, Hidetsugu Tominaga, Juichi Sato, Makoto Minoda, Music Acoustic Research Group Materials 36(4), pp. 133-138

“Since the essence of piano performance lies in the interaction between the piano and the player, our ultimate goal is to build a physical model simulation technology in which the piano, air, and the player (fingers, ears, intellect, etc.) are one system.”

Yamaha multi-touch patents

Posted on August 10, 2023 by pj

I was on a quest for information about Virtual Resonance Modeling (VRM) when I encountered two interesting Yamaha patents. Both patents have the same obtuse title: “Musical sound information outputting apparatus, musical sound producing apparatus, method for generating musical sound information.” The U.S. Patent numbers are:

U.S. 11,398,210 B2, July 26, 2022
U.S. 11,657,791 B2, May 23, 2023

Both patents, essentially, cover the same technology — a kind of multi-touch keyboard and control scheme for synthesis. Here’s my synopsis.

Black and white keys are divided into two (or three) detection regions each as shown in the diagram below. Each region detects touch and release. Pretty simple, eh?

Yamaha U.S. Patents 11,398,210 and 11,657,791

The sound generator reacts in repsonse to touch and release differently according to key region. Here are a few examples mentioned in the patent:

A touch in white (black) key region Wa (Ba) initiates a tone.
A slide in white (black) key region Wb (Bb) applies an effect to the tone.
A release in Wa (Ba) stops the tone.
A release in Wb (Bb) stops application of the effect.

The word “effect” is meant rather broadly, including vibrato, modulation and so forth. Touch and release generate typical MIDI-like information such as note number and velocity.

Please note that a player can touch more than one key region simultaneously. The player chooses the gesture — with one or more fingers of a single hand or both hands. The sound generator could respond differently as to which region is touched first or held. Similarly, the sound generator could react differently depending upon the order (or temporal relationship) of release.

The inventors describe possibilities afforded by the invention when the sound generator is producing guitar tones. Depending upon touch gestures, the sound generator may produce a fingered tone, a plucked (picked) tone, hammer-on, fret noise or mute. Possibilities abound: one region initiates a single tone, the second region initiates a chord.

Obviously, if the idea works for two key regions, why not three or more?

The actual mechanism for key region detection depends upon the chosen key technology itself. Much of the patent describes implementation with a tablet touch screen, e.g., electrostatic sensing. They also mention a “pantograph-type elevating structure” where the player can depress independently the front and rear parts of a key.

What really caught my eye is the list of inventors: Masahiko Hasabe, Shinichi Ito, Kenichi Nishida, Masahire Kakishita, and Shinichi Ohta. These folks are heavy-hitters and have made many technical contributions to Yamaha products and its patent portfolio. Shinichi Ohta, for example, was the manager in charge of MONTAGE development!

So, make of it what you will. Yamaha has a broad and deep patent portfolio and not all of its patented tech gets into product. However, that is a rather large amount of talent interested in multi-touch, multi-zone keyboard control.

Floobydust (August 2023)

Posted on August 9, 2023 by pj

A round-up of random thoughts…

Patent vs. Trademark

From a post on YamahaSynth.com

Folks, to clarify, “A trademark protects names, short slogans, or logos. A patent protects new inventions, processes, and compositions of matter (such as medicines). Importantly, ideas cannot be patented — your invention must be embodied in a process, machine, or object.”

“AN-X” is a trademark — the text “AN-X” and its stylized logo. Period. It is registered in the field of musical instruments. That’s it. Nobody knows the technology behind the name. Rephrasing Phil’s recommendation, look at the history of Yamaha products and you MIGHT get an idea about the technology.

Yamaha — nor anyone else — patents the complete technical design of a keyboard. Patents typically cover one specific technological invention. For example, there isn’t an SWP70 patent per se. Yamaha’s patents cover the NAND flash interface and related functions, specifically.

Thus, you will not find a Montage or MODX patent that describes the internal design of these products. You WILL find so-called design patents which cover the physical shape and appearance. Design patents are filed a long time after product release. Examples are US D889,532 (MODX6) and US D879,870 (CP88). The “D” is important in the patent number because design patents are in a class of their own.

Most of Yamaha’s patents are filed under non-descript names like “sound generation apparatus”. Good luck searching through those bland names! Patents are not scientific papers and are written in legalese. Some of the legalese is translated from Japanese. Good luck with that, too. 🙂 😮

Trademark names are not “leaked”. Trademarks (and patents) are published and public for good reason. Trademarks are published as part of the review process in which some third party can file an objection to the name/application. Companies know that trademark applications and patents (applications, too) are public. If something is secret, that something must be treated like a secret, i.e., never published. That is the meaning of “trade secret” protection.

BTW, when it comes to new unannounced products, I’m not interested in apparitions, visions, dreams, conspiracies, seances, or hot tips about which horse will win the third race at Ascot. 🙂 I hate to be that darned pedantic. It’s just that I sat through soooo many corporate training classes on this stuff. :p

A slow summer for sales?

Both Korg and Audio Modeling extended their summer software sales. Roland are offering rebates on select products.

August 1st and Yamaha drops MAP on Genos, CK88, DGX-670, Reface CS, Reface DX, P-45, NP-12. NP-32, and PSR-E273. Nearly every major USA on-line dealer reflects the new pricing.

A slow summer for sales? Has revenge travel sucked money out of musical instrument retail?

I get the lower prices for NP-12, NP-32 and P-45 as new models have already been announced and are slowly appearing in stock:

NP-12 ($200) → NP-15 ($270 USD)
NP-32 ($300) → NP-35 ($390)
P-45 ($450) → P-145 ($500 estimated)
P-125a ($700) → P-225 ($750)

I’m surprised to see drops for DGX-670 ($750) and CK88 ($1,300). They should be selling like fried churros at the county fair! Both instruments deliver terrific value for the money.

As to the new Yamaha CSP series, MAP for the CSP-295 ranges from $7,300 to $11,000. Gasp, those prices are rarefied… MAP for CSP-275 ranges from $5,700 to $7,000. CSP-255 comes in from $4,200 to $4,700. I’m holding my breath for a model replacing the P-515 digital piano. Maybe this Fall? No price drops on the older CSPs or P-515.

The new Yamaha pricing is good until October 2, 2023. More new products to come? We know the full Monty will drop in October. Stay tuned.

Yamaha P-225 demo videos

With Yamaha P-225 hitting the stores, new demo videos are popping up, too.

I like this chap’s Yamaha P-225 demo videos. Masataka Kono is a good player and is totally laidback. You gotta love him. It’s like a Japanese Mr. Rodgers does a piano demo. 🙂

P-225 demo no talking
P-225 opinions including a VRM Lite comparison at 7:00

Be ready for subtitles!

Overall, he has a favorable impression of the P-225 and its new GHC action (doesn’t cause fatigue and has less key noise than P-125 GHS). Damn, Yamaha is making some nice portable instruments — much better than my old 1990’s YPP, that’s for sure!

Yamaha VRM vs. VRM Lite

Posted on July 28, 2023 by pj

Virtual Resonance Modeling (VRM) is one of one of Yamaha’s strongest differentiating technologies. Many of Yamaha’s home and portable digital pianos implement some form of VRM. Up to this point, the CP series stage pianos and other products in the synthesizer (music production) product families do not have VRM. Perhaps this will change in CP Gen 2. Yamaha arranger keyboards do not feature VRM, either. [Some synths and arrangers have a damper resonance insert effect. See “Synthetic fun” below.]

Yamaha Virtual Resonance Modeling [Source: Yamaha]

Sampled piano can sound lifeless even when the damper pedal is depressed. VRM adds a subtle dynamic quality to the overall sound. I tried turning VRM off via Piano Room while holding down notes with the damper pedal applied. There is a subtle difference in the sound. With VRM on, the overall tone (such as the P-515 or DGX-670) is fuller, more dynamic. Personally, I find the effect pleasing enough to regard it as a “must have” feature.

In slightly more technical terms, VRM adds sympathetic resonances such that the piano tone grows (blooms) over the duration of the notes. Acoustic piano makers and technicians go to great lengths to add and tune pleasing harmonics through resonance. Acoustic pianos are incredibly complex machines in the scientific sense!

You’ve probably read Yamaha’s description of VRM on its web site or in an owner’s manual. If you’re unsure of what it all means, then I recommend doing the same experiment yourself and hearing the difference. [Get thee to a dealer.] Whether you like the effect (or not) is personal. If it doesn’t immediately strike your fancy, please read on. Some models let you tweak VRM depth in Piano Room.

VRM technology has evolved since its introduction in 2014. The first models with VRM were the up-scale CLP 575 and 585. Per usual Yamaha practice, VRM trickled out to lower-end models in the 600 series and to the CSP and CVP series. Another thing happened, too. Yamaha began referring to “original VRM” and “enhanced VRM”. Yamaha describes original and enhanced VRM in the following way:

The original VRM (CSP-150/170) calculates the various states of the strings for each of the 88 notes on the keyboard, from one instant to the next, and timing and depth of damper pedals pressed.
Enhanced VRM (CLP-635 / 645 / 675 / 685 / 665GP / 695GP) now also calculates aliquot resonance in the upper octaves, and the full resonance of the soundboard, rim, and frame.

The calculations require some heavy mathematics and are computational intensive. I’ll say more about this in a future post. I will say, now, that VRM is a substantial, technological achievment!

Lately, Yamaha have dropped “original” and “enhanced” in favor of “VRM Lite” and “VRM”. I contacted Yamaha support asking about the specific modeling components supported by VRM and VRM Lite. They replied:

VRM has five components in it:
- Damper resonance
- String resonance
- Body resonance
- Duplex scale resonance
- Damper noise
VRM Lite has two components:
- Damper resonance
- String resonance

As you would expect, VRM Lite is a subset of VRM. I preseume “duplex scale resonance” means Aliquot resonance although technically the two are related, but not identical.

If your Yamaha digital piano has VRM or VRM Lite, you’ll have one or more VRM-related settings at your disposal in Piano Room and/or the Smart Pianist app. The DGX-670, for example, has three settings:

VRM effect ON/OFF
Damper resonance effect depth
String resonance effect depth

Thus, you can ditch VRM entirely, or individually control the amount of damper or string resonance. The latter two settings let you dial in the amount of each effect to suit your preference. P-515 (enhanced VRM) provides five settings:

VRM effect ON/OFF
Damper resonance effect depth
String resonance effect depth
Aliquot resonance effect depth
Body resonance effect depth

Special thanks to Dan (Yamaha Support) who chased down this information for me.

Synthetic fun

Yamaha Montage/MODX, Genos, and other Yamaha synths implement a Damper Resonance effect “that reproduces the rich harmonics and unique sound characteristics of an actual grand piano when using the damper pedal.” [Check the Data List PDF for your particular model.] The Damper Resonance effect depends upon the sustain pedal (Damper Control) — you must depress the sustain (damper) pedal to hear the effect.

For Montage/MODX cheap thrills, select the four-part “CFX Concert” Performance. All four parts assign Damper Resonance to insert effect A. The initial dry/wet balance is set to D21>W or thereabouts. Raise the dry/wet balance to D<W63 — full wet. Now when you strike a note and depress the damper pedal, you’ll hear only the sound of the damper resonance effect.

For further background information about the Damper Resonance effect, check out Half Damper Function, Damper Resonance Effect and Key Off Sample (Motif XF).

Here are my working definitions for Aliquot resonance and duplex scaling.

“Aliquot is a stringing method for pianos that uses extra, un-struck strings in the upper octaves to enhance the tone. These strings sympathetically vibrate with other strings in an acoustic piano, resonating with overtones, and adding richness, brilliance and complex color to the sound. Since they do not have a damper, they will continue sounding even after you release your hands from the keyboard.” [Source: Yamaha P-515 Owner’s Manual]

“Duplex scaling, built into some grand pianos, can be found on that portion of the string in the treble section between the back bridge pin and the hitch pin which is normally the non-speaking part of the string and dampened with a strip of cloth. Where there is duplex scaling this section is deliberately left open to resonate in sympathy with the speaking part of the string and add brightness to the upper partials.” [Source: Cambridge Piano Tuner]

These two Yamaha videos are still informative after 13 years: Stereo Sustain Samples and String Resonance.

MODX: Character Pianos

Posted on July 20, 2023 by pj

As part of the Yamaha MONTAGE bon voyage, Blake announced the availability of a free MONTAGE expansion pack: Character Pianos. The pack contains three pianos: U1 Upright, Nashville C3 and Felt Piano. There are fifteen Performances based on the new pianos.

I really dug the Felt Piano from the get-go, so I had to get this for myself. One of the beauties of MONTAGE and MODX is the ability to share content between the two platforms. Let’s see what happens on MODX.

Installing a library – quick and dirty

Here is my quick and dirty guide to install an MODX library (expansion pack). Further details are described in the MODX Reference Manual.

If you’re looking for content, including the new Character Pianos, , browse the Yamaha USA shop. You will need a free account in order to download. Add a library to your cart and check out. Once you get a transaction confirmation, download the library from the “My Libraries” section of your account.

If you’re deciding how to use your expansion memory, here are the installed sizes of a few popular libraries:

    Library name        Size 
    ----------------   ------ 
    Bosendorfer        409MB 
    Chick Mark V       401MB 
    Montage_expanded   175MB 
    CS80               471MB 
    Character Pianos   140MB

Copy the new library (file extension X7L) to a USB flash drive. Oh, yeah, make sure the library file is unzipped!

In order to load a new library you need 1. sufficient free waveform space and 2. a free library slot. MODX allows up to eight libraries (library slots).

To check free waveform space:

    Utility -> Contents -> Data utility -> Waveform

Display libraries and check number of slots

To display installed libraries and to check number of used library slots:

  Utility -> Contents -> Data utility -> Library

To install a new library (assuming free waveform space and library slots):

    Utility -> Contents -> Load
    Choose Content Type: Library File
    Tap the library file to load (X7L file extension)

To import a specific, new Performance from an installed library into
the User Bank:

    Utility -> Contents -> Library Import
    Touch Import to User Bank (moves Performances and Waveforms)

Don’t want to read? I recommend Yamaha Montage MODX FAQ 10 Install a Sound Library on Rudy’s Hobby Channel. It will show you the way.

So, what up?

The Felt Piano is truly nice and gentle. Of course, I’m now using it on everything whether it needs it or not. 🙂

MONTAGE/MODX Character Piano Performances

I like the Nashville C3 more than I care to admit. It should cut through a mix. The U1 Upright is OK, but I don’t have much need for it by itself.

Some of the Performances layer the C3 or U1 with the Felt. These combinations sound pretty darned useful as the Felt Piano adds depth and ambience while the C3 or U1 cuts through.

A word of caution, tho’. The “Felt Mono-SP Piano” Performance is possibly broken. It produces snap, crackle and pop as soon as it is selected before a single key is struck. Now, that ain’t right. I haven’t tried to troubleshoot the problem by deleting the library, re-installing and so forth. Hmmm. It is free and intended for MONTAGE, after all.

Update

Special thanks to Kevin at the YamahaSynth forum. He investigated the “Felt Mono-SP Piano” Performance and isolated the snap, crackle and pop to its vinyl record noise effect:

Edited: I played with the performance a bit and found the noise is there with the Superknob turned all the way to the left but goes away as the knob is turned to the right (clockwise). Going further into effects I found the noise is coming from the “digital turntable, old record” effect in the “B” slot. the noise goes away when that’s disabled. I guess that’s the way it was designed but I have to ask “why?”: sounds like a defect rather than “effect” in this case.

A few other punters thought it was a defect, too!

“Felt Mono-SP Piano” Digital turntable effect

Using the vinyl record effect is a cool notion by itself, but why does the effect persist into other performances when they are selected? That seems like inappropriate behavior, AKA a bug in handling the effect pipelines, maybe? I wonder if this is an unwanted side-effect of Seamless Sound Switching (SSS) where the synth engine keeps the previous Performance alive after a switch?

Montage: Thank you for playing!

Posted on July 18, 2023 by pj

Splashed all over the Interwebs — Yamaha Montage is discontinued after a seven year run.

A tribute

I quite liked Montage from the moment I played it. I opted not to buy it because I need a light-weight gigging instrument and the 61 was simply too much to schlep and set up every week (and/or rehearsal). Thus, I was positively elated when Yamaha announced the MODX as the younger sibling which had all of the Montage sounds I was craving.

As a MODX player, I had the benefit of Yamaha’s new “platform” approach to product development and lifetime management. Instead of forcing customers to buy a new instrument every few years in order to get new features, Yamaha provided periodic updates to Montage. Because Montage and MODX share large amounts of code and content, I got the new stuff as it trickled over to MODX.

I also got the benefit of all the Montage usage tips, explanations and other content posted by Phil Clendennin and Blake Angelos. Thank you, fellows!

The parsing

And, now, everyone is parsing Blake’s announcement. 🙂

“As much as we would have liked to, we cannot develop the current MONTAGE any further.”

Yep, the current hardware platform has run its course. (Even more about the internal design here.)

There is huge expressed demand for a virtual analog engine. The AN-X trademark drove the feeding frenzy throwing chum in the water. For quite some time, I’ve maintained the argument that SWP70 alone is not enough to implement VA synthesis with multiple channels (polyphony). Yamaha tried grafting AN/VL into an AWM synth — the wonderful EX5 — and know the limitations of that approach. Plus, would a punter really be happy controlling VA through the MONTAGE front panel?

“And one more thing… the next generation MONTAGE synthesizer is coming in October.”

October is the important fact, here. If you’ve been reading my recent posts, you know I’m looking for an 88 at home in the studio. If the new ax has wonderful pianos and a decent 88 action, count me in.

Will the new synth bear the mark “MONTAGE”? After a lifetime of choosing variable names, I don’t really care what it’s called. 🙂 How does it play? How does it sound? What’s inside?

Wither MODX+? I think we will see, again, a major split between the MODX product line and the future MONTAGE line. Yamaha is going to monetize those new features (AN-X) and I expect MODX+ to be left behind. That’s marketing for ya.

A gift

“As a thank you we are providing a final set of content free of charge for all MONTAGE owners.” The pack includes three of the character pianos that were released for the YC/CP product lines: Yamaha U1 upright piano, Yamaha C3 grand piano and Felt Yamaha U1 upright piano. I love that felt piano!

I expect to see all of these pianos on the other side along with CFX and Bösendorfer Imperial. Pretty please, Yamaha, with all that extra DSP, may we have VRM, too?

The waiting

So, there you go.

As to the Interwebs, it will be groundhog day all over again as people churn the same bloomin’ rumors, half-truths and nonsense.

As to me, I was getting set to spring for an 88 digital piano. Maybe this is the kick I need to be patient? Yamaha have been rolling out new product like Christmas morn. October isn’t that far away, is it, Santa?

Korg Nautilus AT — Upgrade!

Posted on July 14, 2023 by pj

Korg have announced the Nautilus AT music workstation. As the name suggests, Nautilus AT 88 and 61 have aftertouch. For some reason, the Nautilus-73 doesn’t get an AT version.

Well, of course, you can read all about it on Korg’s web site. Two points to be made here.

First, I was smacked by the first two statements on the Nautilus AT page: “NAUTILUS is KORG’s flagship workstation. The successor to the wildly popular KRONOS, …” Yep, Kronos is dead, long live Kronos. No point in pining away for a successor as Nautilus AT is it. No point wishing that Elway will return and put an end to Russell Wilson, either.

Kronos was an interesting build, being based upon a commodity Intel Atom motherboard. The weight and heat dissipation of the Kronos demonstrated the limitations of such an approach — essentially putting a mini desktop computer into a box with a keyboard. The Raspberry Pi-based models (e.g., Wavestate, OPSIX) are technologically more viable.

Second, Korg are finally doing what I’ve wished for a long time — upgrade your existing keyboard instead of discarding it:

Existing owners of 61 and 88 key NAUTILUS* need not miss out. KORG is rolling out an upgrade service that updates both the hardware and software of your keyboard, transforming your NAUTILUS into a NAUTILUS AT. For more information, and pricing of the upgrade service where you are, contact the KORG customer service team in your territory.

Let’s face it, not that much changes inside most New! Improved! synths. Usually the digital logic board is a new design, but the keyboard, display and other peripherals are largely the same.

Instead of dumping the old synth into a landfill, why not upgrade the electronics (or keybed) in the old platform?

Korg UK are somewhat ahead of the USA having a Nautilus AT Upgrade page:

Available exclusively from Korg UK to customers in the UK and Ireland, the service includes a hardware and software upgrade by a Korg service engineer alongside the collection and return of your Nautilus.

Must be nice to live on a small island. 🙂 I don’t think USA folk will get pick-up and return by a friendly Korg rep. The price quoted is £429 or about $560 USD depending upon currency fluctuations. If the hardware mod involves changing out the keybed, that’s a pretty reasonable charge.

Yamaha? Roland? Casio? Kawai? Nord? Are you watching? We are.

Yamaha P-145 and P-225 digital pianos

Posted on July 12, 2023 by pj

Last week, Yamaha announced two new members of the P-series portable pianos: Yamaha P-145 and P-225. The Australians got to roll out new models first this time around. The P-145 replaces the old P-45 and the P-225 replaces the old P-125.

Both pianos feature a new slim, minimalist design with forward-firing internal speakers. Yamaha must have observed Casio’s success with slender slabs and decided to join the party. The slim design reminds me of my first electric “piano”, the Crumar Roadrunner. 🙂

The dawn of Yamaha P-225 — touch the GHC monolith!

Unlike the Roadrunner, the new P-models sound darned good. The P-225 features the CFX grand and the P-145 features the CFIIIS. The CFIIIS samples are tried and true, having finally trickled down to the entry level. The P-225 CFX is warmer and has more depth (to my ears) than the CFIIIS. The P-225 also has VRM Lite and key-off samples. Polyphony is 256 (P-225) versus 64 (P-145). The P-225 is further enhanced by “Wall EQ”, Intelligent Acoustic Control (IAC), and Stereophonic Optimizer.

Speaking of outputs, both have two stereo headphone jacks. The P-225 adds left and right AUX OUT jacks. Amplifier output is 7 Watts per channel for both models. The P-145 has two oval 12cm by 8cm speakers. The P-225 has two oval 12cm by 8cm speakers and adds a 5cm high frequency driver.

The P-225 has 24 voices to the P-145’s 10 voices. The voices cover the usual range of Yamaha tones: acoustic piano, electric piano, pipe organ, strings and pads. However, things do get interesting! There are actually four new models: the 143/145 pair and the 223/225 pair.

The 143/145 have two grand pianos, a tines (Rhodes) electric piano, an FM (DX) electric piano, strings, principal pipe organ and tutti pipe organ. The 143 has two harpsichords and vibraphone. The 145 has one harpsichord, accordian and Di Zi. Di Zi is a Chinese transverse flute. So, depending upon your region, you will be getting either the 143 or the 145!

The 223/225 pair have different voice groups and voices, too:

     P-223 Others     P-225 CLV/VIB 
    --------------    -------------- 
    Harpsichord 8'     E.Clavichord 
     Harpsi 8'+4'       Vibraphone 
      Accordion       Harpsichord 8' 
       Guzheng         Harpsi 8'+4'

P-223 has an “Others” voice group and 225 has a “CLV/VIB” group. Guzeng is Chinese zither. Strange that 145 has a flute and the 223 has a zither. Yamaha have clearly targeted models for Asia and models for “Western” regions. Gotta make a buck somewhere…

User interface on both models is the minimum. Neither have a display. Settings are made by holding down front panel buttons (METRONOME+RHYTHM) and striking the appropriate key. There is some feedback like a voice announcing “on” or “off”. Frankly, I can’t see doing this at a gig, especially a church gig when absolute silence is expected. OK, for home use.

The P-225 has a bunch of other extra features over the P-145: Bluetooth, recording, split voices, etc. Good news — Yamaha brought back the USB audio interface functionality that went missing in the P-125A. Both models have Smart Pianist and Rec’N’Share support.

The big news is the new Yamaha Graded Hammer Compact (GHC) action. GHC replaces the Graded Hammer Standard (GHS) action in the previous models. The reduced front-to-back depth of GHC allowed Yamaha to design and deliver a slimmer slab piano. (Front-firing speakers help reduce depth, too.) Since none of us have played GHC (as yet), it’s impossible to comment. However, I wonder if we will see GHC in other Yamaha products like synths or arrangers?

MODX: Rotary speaker (part 5)

Posted on June 28, 2023 by pj

It should go without saying — the Leslie rotary speaker sound is critical to getting a good drawbar organ sound.

The Montage/MODX and Genos/PSR product lines have two rotary speaker effects in common:

     MODX effect name  Genos effect name 
     ----------------  ----------------- 
     Rotary Speaker 1  ROTARY SPEAKER 1 
     Rotary Speaker 2  REAL ROTARY

Yamaha’s naming scheme often makes it difficult to match up algorithms across product lines. Rest assured, however, the algorithms (and code) are the same. If you need to double check yourself, simply match up the effect parameters as listed in the Data List PDFs.

It’s like the engineers deliberately chose bad, meaningless variable names. Throw preset names on top of the algorithm (effect type) names and things get really confusing!

Rest assured, a lot of the information discussed in this post can be applied to Yamaha synthesizer and arranger products alike.

The real thing: mechanical

Ain’t nothin’ like the real thing, baby. A real Leslie speaker moves air and throws it around in a 3D space. A “2D” stereo simulation will never do. Further, rotary speaker simulators model a mic’ed up speaker putting strong energy surges into the left and right channels.

We all know that a Leslie speaker, like the 122, has a rotating horn and rotor. Yamaha sometimes refer to the rotor as a “woofer”, so keep that in mind when reading through effect parameters!

The horn and rotor each have a motor. The motors have two speeds when turning: slow and fast. A pulley and belt system transfers rotation from a motor to the horn or rotor. The horn motor has three different sized-pulleys: small, middle, and large. The belt is usually around the middle pulley, AKA the factory setting. If the belt is around the small pulley, the rotor turns slower. Put the belt around the large pulley and the rotor turns faster (relative to the factory setting, of course.)

The nominal, factory rotary speeds are:

    Slow / "Chorale" in Leslie terminology 
        Horn           50 RPM   0.83 Hz 
        Woofer/Rotor   40 RPM   0.67 Hz 
    Fast / "Tremolo" 
        Horn           400 RPM  6.67 Hz 
        Woofer/Rotor   340 RPM  5.67 Hz

You should keep these speeds in mind when tweaking parameters, if you want authenticity. Please note that the rotor turns more slowly than the horn.

I gave the nominal speeds in both rotations per minute (RPM) and cycles per second (Hertz). Some algorithms need RPM and other algorithms need Hertz. Here are conversion formulas:

    RPM = Hertz * 60 
    Hertz = RPM / 60

The pulley and belt system causes even more fun. The belt is flexible and slips around the pulley. Belt tension and wear determine slip. Tension (slip) has a greater effect on acceleration (change from slow to fast) than deacceleration (change from fast to slow). If you want authenticity, acceleration time should be shorter than deacceleration. In other words, the pick-up rate is higher than the slow-down rate.

The real thing: electronics

The Leslie 122 tweeter and woofer are driven by a three tube power amplifier through a cross-over network. The classic Leslie crossover frequency is 800 Hertz. The crossover filter is not super steep and there is definite frequency bleed beyond the crossover frequency.

The power amp consists of a 12AU7A tube driving dual 6550 power tubes. The 12AU7A belongs to a family of nine pin, twin triode tubes. The chief difference between family members is the gain factor. The 12AU7A has a gain factor of 20 while the more powerful 12AX7 — the most familiar member of the family — has a gain factor of 100.

The power amp has a gain knob. At about 70%, the power amp starts to distort. Oh, never, ever go past 70%. Ever. 🙂

The sims

With that background in mind, let’s take a look at the Yamaha MODX rotary speaker effect algorithms.

Historically, “Rotary Speaker 1” came first. The following table summarizes the Genos parameter values for the “Dual Rotary Speaker Bright” and “Dual Rotary Speaker Warm” presets:

     # Parameter             Bright    Warm 
    -- --------------------  --------  ---------------- 
     1 Woofer Speed Slow     40.2rpm   40.2rpm   0.67Hz 
     2 Horn Speed Slow       45.6rpm   45.6rpm   0.76Hz 
     3 Woofer Speed Fast     383.4rpm  363.6rpm  6.06Hz 
     4 Horn Speed Fast       403.8rpm  403.8rpm  6.73Hz 
     5 Slow-Fast Time Woofer 39        45 
     6 Slow-Fast Time Horn   7         7 
     7 Drive Low             35        31 
     8 Drive High            37        36 
     9 Low/High Balance      L<H4      L13>H 
    10 
    11 EQ Low Frequency      100Hz     100Hz 
    12 EQ Low Gain           +8dB      +8dB 
    13 EQ High Frequency     1.0kHz    1.0kHz 
    14 EQ High Gain          -3dB      -4dB 
    15 Mic L-R Angle         177deg    177deg 
    16 Speed Control         Slow      Slow

Feel free to borrow the Genos settings for MODX (and vice versa).

The horn and woofer speeds are ballpark with respect to the factory settings. If there is one major complaint with this algorithm, it’s the relatively weak drive effect. Increasing drive does not add distortion. On MODX, be prepared to couple “Rotary Speaker 1” with an amp simulator (e.g., STEREO SMALL or MULTI FX).

Obviously, there are a lot of parameters to tweak: microphone angle, equalization, rotor and horn balance (low/high balance). Imagine yourself as a studio engineer mic’ing up a real Leslie.

Just for grins, the following table summarizes rotary speaker parameters for four MODX presets:

     # Parameter             Basic     Horn Mic  Light     Heavy RTR 
    -- --------------------  --------  --------  --------  --------- 
     1 Rotor Speed Slow      0.88Hz    0.80Hz    0.88Hz    1.01Hz 
     2 Horn Speed Slow       1.30Hz    0.72Hz    1.30Hz    0.93Hz 
     3 Rotor Speed           6.06Hz    6.06Hz    6.06Hz    6.06Hz 
     4 Horn Speed Fast       7.07Hz    6.73Hz    7.07Hz    6.73Hz 
     5 Slow-Fast Time Rotor  40        40        40        64 
     6 Slow-Fast Time Horn   13        12        13        33 
     7 Drive Rotor           52        37        26        28 
     8 Drive Horn            31        29        21        22 
     9 Rotor/Horn Balance    RH 
    10 
    11 EQ Low Frequency     1.0KHz     1.0KHz    1.0KHz    1.0KHz 
    12 EQ Low Gain          0.0db      -1db      0.0db     0.0db 
    13 EQ High Frequency    2.0KHz     2.0KHz    1.0KHz    2.0KHz 
    14 EQ High Gain         0.0db      +1db      0.0db     1.0db 
    15 Mic L-R Angle        150deg     177deg    180deg    30deg 
    16 Speed Control        Slow       Slow      Slow      Slow

Enough starting points yet? Please don’t be afraid to tweak, listen and evaluate. It’s only bits and if you don’t like what you’re hearing, then throw the bits way away. Ever wonder why people spend so much time in the studio? That’s why!

The MODX “Rotary Speaker 2” algorithm is the newer algorithm. It first appeared in Montage and Genos, and it’s been trickling down to mid- and low-range Yamaha products. In Genos-land, it’s known as “REAL ROTARY”. This algorithm provides control over both acceleration and deacceleration times and drive level/tone.

Here are settings from Genos for three drawbar organ voices:

     # Parameter            Jazz      Gospel    Rock 
    -- -------------------  --------  --------  -------- 
     1 Speed Control        Slow      Fast      Fast 
     2 Drive                2.0       4.0       10.0 
     3 Tone                 8.2       10.0      10.0 
     4 Low/High Balance     L<H10     L<H9      L<H9 
     5 Output Level         100       100       100 
     6 Mic L-R Angle        180deg    120deg    120deg 
     7 Input Level          +6dB      +6dB      +6dB 
     8 Modulation Intensity 0         63        63 
     9 
    10 
    11 Slow-Fast Time Horn  1.19      1.13      1.13 
    12 Fast-Slow Time Horn  0.86      0.97      0.97 
    13 Woofer Speed Slow    43.5rpm   43.5rpm   43.5rpm 
    14 Horn Speed Slow      47.3rpm   47.3rpm   47.3rpm 
    15 Woofer Speed Fast    413.8rpm  403.7rpm  413.8rpm 
    16 Horn Speed Fast      474.4rpm  464.3rpm  464.3rpm 
    17 Slow-Fast Time Rotor    ?         ?         ? 
    18 Fast-Slow Time Rotor    ?         ?         ?

Unlike “Rotary Speaker 1”, REAL ROTARY brings overdrive. Turn up the drive to add distortion. Tone sweeps from darker to brighter.

No doubt, you noticed values missing in the last two rows. The Genos user interface supports only 16 effect parameters! [Genos engineers need to fix this limitation.] Your guess is as good as mine — maybe 1.22 and 1.86?

Other blog posts about Yamaha MODX drawbar organ sound design:

Sand, software and sound

Electronics and computing for the fun of it

Category Archives: Music technology