Yamaha CK random bits

I’m reading through the CK documentation and posting random observations here.

The Yamaha CK series are a response for a full-sized keyboard melding the Reface YC and Reface CP with a little bit of additional ROMpler thrown in. The Reface series shine with immediacy of control coupled with decent PRO-quality sounds. No sign of Spectral Component Modeling, so the electric pianos (EP) are sampled. Bummer, since SCM has a smoother velocity response. The EP presets are Montage/MODX greatest hits.

Yamaha CK61™ stage keyboard (at last)

Organ preset voices include H, V, F, A, and Y — clearly lifted from Reface YC. The pipe organ presets (!) have a few surprises: Grand Leu, FondsEtArches, Organo Pleno, Diapason, Claribel&Flute, and SoftReeds. These presets are straight out of Genos™ and Yamaha should be commended for their inclusion. These voices are excellent. [Yeah, I know. Rockers are not looking for pipe organ… 🙂 ]

The drawbar sliders are short-throw like Reface YC. I like the buttons for percussion and vibrato/chorus control. Front panel placement is good, too, as most people change settings on-the-fly with the left hand.

I don’t see a way to adjust rotary speaker acceleration (ramp up) and deacceleration (ramp down). These leaves me very concerned because the Reface YC fast speed and ramps are waaaaay too fast and there isn’t any way to change them. Yamaha consistently makes preset rotary speaker speeds too bloody fast.

Yamaha did not hold back on orchestral voices and deserve further credit for that decision. I didn’t bite on YC61 because it is weirdly short on orchestral voices. Where’s the oboe, for example? Add more orchestra voices to YC61 and I will pull out my credit card. Really, I can only take one keyboard to my church gig given set-up time constraints, space and my 7-decade old body.

Gut-level, the preset synth voices feel like greatest hits from arranger Legacy synths and pads. No new ground, here. I use a few of these bread and butter voices — VP Soft and Soft RnB, for example. Synth enthusiasts have already swiped left on the CK series anyway.

CK voice-effect signal flow [Yamaha]

Like their CP/YC brethren, the CKs expose a fixed voice-effects signal flow. There are five choices of Drive, nine+ choices for insert effects, and global delay, reverb and EQ. Effect tweaking is limited — just one or two parameters per effect type.

The CKs do have potential for external control via Master Keyboard Mode (four zones). All the basic zone parameters are there including Bank Select MSB and Bank Select LSB and Program Change. Yamaha got this right. It’s 2023 and I can’t believe how many MIDI controllers commit the cardinal sin of leaving off Bank Select!

Assessing the assignment of MIDI continuous control (CC) numbers to physical sliders and knobs is going to take time and effort. Some CCs are assigned based on voice part (A, B, C). Yikes! We’re going to need to forge a secret decoder ring! 🙁

The date on the MIDI implementation chart is 16 July 2021. Yes, “2021.” Yamaha have had these designs in the can for a while. The pandemic and supply chain problems interfered with the CK’s release.

Copyright © 2023 Paul J. Drongowski

Yamaha CK61™ and CK88™

Update: Product pages and manuals are now available at Yamaha sites everywhere.

Pre-announcement information is breaking out all over. I recommend the GAK Music CK series video with Luke Juby. It gives a great overview and demonstrates the preset sounds and effects. The CK has sliders, knobs and buttons dedicated to program/effect selection and tweaking (attack, release, cut-off and resonance). The drawbar sliders are short-throw like the Reface YC. The physical controls should reduce menu-diving.

A few interesting tidbits from the video. The CK has the ability to trigger backing tracks from the keyboard. Foot pedal control is assignable. There are four zones for external control and 5-pin MIDI IN and OUT. Split and layer are supported with two split points.

Here are Yamaha CK88™ specifications:

  • 88 keys, weighted GHS keyboard, initial touch
  • Tone Generator: AWM2 and AWM for Organ Flutes
  • 128 voices of polyphony
  • Integrated Effects, Master EQ
  • 363 Voices, 160 Live Set Sounds (80 preset)
  • Pitch Bend and Modulation Wheel
  • Nine Organ Footage Sliders, three Part Volume Sliders, eleven control Knobs
  • Built-in amplifiers (2 ✗ 6 W) and speakers (2 ✗ (12cm ✗ 6cm)); Can be switched off
  • Battery powered operation (eight AA alkaline or Ni-MH batteries) or AC adaptor
  • Monochrome LCD display (128 x 64 dots)
  • Stereo Line Output: 6.3 mm mono phone jack x2
  • Stereo Input: 6.3 mm mono phone jack x2
  • Stereo Phones Output: 6.3 mm stereo phone jack
  • Two connectors for Footswitches or Foot controllers
  • MIDI [IN]/[OUT] 5-pin DIN
  • USB [TO DEVICE] to connect USB memory sticks
  • USB [TO HOST] to connect to PCs, USB-Audio-Interface function (two stereo channels from PC to CK, two stereo channels from CK to PC)
  • Bluetooth connectivity to play back audio from a Bluetooth device
  • Dimensions (W x D x H): 1,333 mm × 354 mm × 148 mm
  • Weight: 13.1 kg (28.9 pounds)
  • Included accessories: Owner’s Manual, AC adaptor (PA-150B)
  • Optional accessories: Footswitches and Foot controllers (FC3A, FC4A, FC5, FC7), Soft Case SC-DE88, Music Rest YMR-03

The CK61 weighs 5.6kg (12.3 pounds) and has a new synth action keybed (the FSB action borrowed from the PSR SX line).

Sounds like an entry-level keyboard for price-sensitive customers. I anticipated a battery power option, but the in-built amplification (2 ✗ 6W) and speakers are unexpected. Given the entry-level spec, I suspect that SWX09 is the internal host/tone generator engine.

Yamaha CK88 portable stage synthesizer

The CK is a “poor man’s” combination of Reface YC and Reface CP. Or, stated another way, CK is someone’s dream combination of Reface YC and Reface CP with full-size controls. A lot of people pined for a combined organ/EP Reface with a full-sized keybed. They got it. 🙂

363 voices aren’t many. I expect to see promotion reading “363 voices from the acclaimed Montage, YC stage organ and CP stage piano.” This smacks of the way a few new voices were lifted from Motif and built into the ill-fated MM series. I expect recycled effects from MODX, etc. and CK will not include the new, improved YC rotary speaker algorithm.

We’ll need to hear more details, of course. I don’t think the CK directly replaces the MX series. A lot hinges on its DAW/VI integration which is an MX strong point. The MX88 weighs 13.9kg, so the CK88 (13.1kg) does not have a weight advantage over MX88. CK61 weighs 5.6 kg, not much less than MODX6. Based on weight alone, I don’t have much reason to spurn my MODX6 for CK61.

Yamaha CK61 portable stage keyboard

If you own an MODX, I don’t think you’re going to be green with G.A.S. The extra sliders are nice, but MODX (MODX+) is so much more. The CK series should appeal to the weekend warrior with a family on a tight budget. CK61 MSRP is $1,249 USD and MAP is $999; CK88 MSRP is $1,899 and MAP is $1,499. Yamaha got the CK61 MAP under the psychological $1,000 barrier.

The pictures are fuzzy. We’ll know more and have better pictures after the official product announcement tomorrow when Yamaha releases high res assets.

Copyright © 2023 Paul J. Drongowski

CK: It’s almost here

Thanks to Saul’s recent post at Yamaha Musicians Forum, it looks like tomorrow is the day for CK.

By Tuesday evening, we’ll all be laughing at the ridiculous predictions and wishful thinking that we’ve all posted.

So, here’s some more wishful thinking. 🙂

Knowing the price points, about $1,250 USD for the 61 and $1,920 for the 88, we instantly know that these aren’t the droids some people have been looking for. At these prices, the CKs impinge on the entry-level niche held by the long-in-the-tooth MX series. Yamaha may have decided to spiff up and bulk up the MX to CK in order to establish higher margins at the entry-level without blowing up the magic $1,000 barrier. [I have some reason to believe that the rumored prices are MSRP.]

Yamaha CK61 and CK88 portable synthesizers

At such low price points, forget an FSX keybed, aftertouch, a large touch display, etc. I suspect that Yamaha engineers chose one of its proprietary SWX processors instead of the higher spec SWP70 which is the mainstay of mid- and high-end Yamaha keyboards. The SWX series integrates the host processor, display interface, USB interface and AWM2 tone generator into a single integrated circuit package. Reface YC, Reface CP and first-gen MX are based on an earlier version of SWX (SWX08). The current rev is SWX09.

The word “portable” in the terse CK description might imply an internal battery power option. Choosing SWX would at least give the engineers a fighting chance at low power. I suspect that the SWP70 tone generator is a bit of a power hog. Yamaha do not currently offer a battery-powered synth while some competitors do (e.g., Roland JUNO DS61). I would love battery power for rehearsals — anything to make the schlep and set-up easier.

Part of the MX pitch is “controller integration.” Yamaha currently do not offer a MIDI controller with all the front panel knobs, sliders, widgets and gizmos that warm the heart. Even though Yamaha tout the MX for control, it’s really feature poor in comparison to most full size MIDI controllers. Although the MX is reasonably well-integrated with Cubase, more people are running virtual instruments on IOS/Android tablets/phones instead of laptops. Yamaha must (should) respond to these trends.

I often wonder why Yamaha haven’t put forth a Halion-based version of Arturia’s wonderful V Collection or Analog Lab? I was immediately impressed by the integration of Analog Lab with Arturia Keylab Essential. Yamaha have been missing an opportunity here.

Up to this point, Yamaha seem reluctant to offer an all-in-one stage keyboard combining, piano, organ and synth. As a player, you’re forced into a multi-keyboard “top and bottom” rig decision. Implications are many. If organ or piano are your main need, then perhaps you choose a YCxx or CPxx for the bottom. Neither ‘board provides comprehensive synth sounds, so you need a synth for the top. Maybe a CK61™?

Schlep and cost are major factors. Two keyboards is a lot more trouble and cost than one. The keyboard stand is bigger and heavier. Yada-yada. For me, I play in an incredibly small space and, as an older adult, my body is whacked out from hauling gear! Cost is another big factor as I don’t want to tie up funds in idle keyboards — no matter how pretty they are. 🙂

So, maybe I will view the CK61™ as a Korg Triton Taktile on steroids. The Triton Taktile 49 was a light-weight controller with lots of knobs and sliders, and had a “courtesy” Triton engine. The Triton Taktile had its disdvantages — no way to store user edits, no internal battery power. The CK likely avoids these pitfalls in which case a CK plus an iPad (Camelot, Korg Module, iSymphonic, SWAM) might do the trick as a light-weight stage gig rig.

As to that “all-in-one,” might that be the Montage successor? Yamaha was slow to follow Motif XF (August 2010) with Montage (January 2016), so the wait for the Montage successor is not that surprising. Plus, you don’t really think you’re getting AN-X™ for free, do you? 🙂

Copyright © 2023 Paul J. Drongowski

CK: Scraps from the dustbin

Today’s tidbits are from Jason at the YamahaSynth.com forum.

First, a major shout out to Jason. Every forum has one or two people who energetically answer questions and keep a forum community alive. Jason is that guy on the Yamaha synth forum, especially after Phil’s (Badmister’s) retirement. Thank you, Jason!

Have you thanked a forum contributor recently?

I’ve been searching for evidence of Yamaha’s CK61™ and CK88™ as we run up to NAMM 2023 (13-15 April 2023). Jason’s diligence has paid off; I’m too freakin’ lazy. 🙂

He scraped a document listing the recyclable content for various Yamaha products. [A document required by some civil authority, no doubt.] I don’t like to post information unless I can verify it independently. More eyes on a problem or situation are always good. Fortunately, I found the same document.

It’s quite a comprehensive list of products all the way down to pedals, stands, power adapters and soft cases. The products are list by category: piano, digital piano (CL), music production (MP), portable keyboard (PK), etc.

Lo and behold, under “MP”, we find CK61™ and CK88™ with product codes VDY9110 and VDY9230. So, these products are not phantoms — unless Yamaha is playing an enormous joke on us! 🙂

Given the list’s completeness, it’s interesting that “Montage” does not appear. I searched and scoured the list. Not there. This could be a mere oversight or what? Have Yamaha decided that MODX+ has overtaken (subsumed) Montage and that’s it for the heavy grey lady? Is Montage necessary if the CKs implement AN-X™? All speculative, of course. [Yamaha’s product strategy smacks of “Pokémon Gotta Catch ‘Em All.]

I have not been able to independently verify Jason’s other information:

STAGE PIANOS

CK61 New generation 61-key portable stage synthesizer inc. adapter $22,630.00

CK88 New generation 88-key portable stage synthesizer inc. adapter $34,736.00

Prices are given in Mexican Pesos. If these are pesos and genuine prices, that’s approximately $1,250 USD and $1,920 USD, respectively. I think the use of “STAGE PIANOS”, here, means stage keyboards. I don’t think “synthesizer” is accidental, tho’.

Blake Angelos (Hi, Blake) has posted an invite to “Join us for the Tech Talk Season 3 finale on March 14. We’ll be revealing something new you won’t want to miss! It all happens Tuesday, March 14 1:00 PM PDT, 10:00 PM CET. Hope to see you there!”

Please check out the discussion on the YamahaSynth forum and let Jason take a victory lap. Thanks, again.

Update. And the thread is gone from YamahaSynth. If you would like to join a discussion, Yamaha Musicians Forum has knowledgeable and passionate members who are engaged with this topic. You might also consider the Music Player Keyboard Corner, too.

Yamaha may be trying to stuff the toothpaste back into the tube, but their own site has pages referring to the CK88™. That’s why I don’t believe in conspiracy theories. 🙂

Copyright © 2023 Paul J. Drongowski

NAMM 2023: Roland go uptown

Roland’s big announcement this week is the GP Series Grand Inspiration digital pianos. The GP digital pianos cover a range of players and prices:

  • GP-3 Micro Grand: $4,000 USD (available now)
  • GP-6 Mini Grand: $6,300 USD (available March 2023)
  • GP-9 Grand Piano: $11,000 USD (available March 2023)
  • GP-9M Grand Piano: $19,000 USD (available May 2023)

All instruments feature beautifully styled wood cabinets and the “Piano Reality” sound engine inside. The product line is feature-graded, of course. 🙂 White models are also planned and will be available.

The GP-3 and GP-6 are appropriate for families who are serious about piano. I wouldn’t drop that much for a beginner piano! The GP-3 and GP-6 should also appeal to space and budget conscious schools and worship communities. As I’m painfully aware, not all churches can accomodate or afford a full grand, acoustic or digital.

Roland GP-9 digital grand piano

The GP-9 is the targeted sweet-spot for sensible upscale customers and I think Roland is hoping to sell a lot of these. The GP-9M adds a self-playing moving key function, XLR outputs and a microphone input for sing-alongs. The GP-9M has an air of “expensive toy” about it. My Lord, the GP-9M is about what I paid for my Toyota (Scion) iM.

The 9s try to provide a complete piano experience minus the hassles of strings, humidity and temperature fluctuations. Public spaces are notoriously hostile to acoustic instruments. This model should appeal to churches and commercial venues — excellent piano experience and low(er) maintenance than an acoustic grand.

As to technology, the GP-9 Piano Reality engine claims “unlimited polyphony.” The keyboard has progressive hammer action, escapement, hybrid wood/molded keys with Ivory Feel, long key pivot length, and haptic vibration.

Roland clearly put a lot of effort into the multi-channel audio projection system in order to produce an immersive experience. Don’t like what you hear? Use the Piano Designer tools and app to tweak the sound (string tuning, temperament, key sensiticity, cabinet resonance, sound field, etc.)

For 11 or 18 large, I’m sure you’ll read the specifications and try one first. 🙂

Yamaha teasers

Vocaloid™s are welcoming a new singing avatar into the pack: Po-uta™. Po-uta is based on the voice of Porter (Po) Robinson. [“Uta” means song.] As with most things Vocaloid, you’ll need to point your browser toward Japan as Yamaha seems to target Vocaloid primarily to its domestic market. Vocaloid 6 implements Vocalo Changer™ which uses your own vocal data to personalize a performance.

Vocaloid Po-uta virtual Porter Robinson

Notice all of the trademark ™ symbols? Yamaha applied for these trademarks in roughly the same timeframe as AN-X™, CK61™ and CK88™.

Yamaha issued a teaser NAMM 2023 press release stating:

This year, Yamaha will introduce breakthrough products at the show across multiple musical categories, including piano, synthesizer, winds, acoustic guitar, drums and percussion, and professional audio.

So, will AN-X™, CK61™ and CK88™ see the light of day?

Copyright © 2023 Paul J. Drongowski

NAMM 2023: Korg want to sell you (a) kit

Korg have announced the ARP ODYSSEY FS synthesizer kit.

In case you’re Rip van Winkle, the ARP ODYSSEY is a classic 2-VCO duophonic synthesizer played by the greats like Herbie Hancock. Korg have been manufacturing and selling the ARP ODYSSEY Full Size (FS) and will now offer the FS as a kit.

The Korg ODYSSEY FS has all of the ARP basics: 2 VCOs, sync, sample and hold, pulse width modulation, high-pass filter, two envelope generators and proportional pitch control (PPC), which was ARP’s take on modulation control. Korg extends the original spec covering all three generations of VCF circuitry: Rev1 12 dB/octave, Rev2 24 dB/octave and Rev3 resonance stable filter.

Korg ARP ODYSSEY FS synthesizer kit

Like other Korg kits, the ODYSSEY FS requires assembly, but no soldering. Judging from the picture, assembly will be more involved than the NTS-1, for example, due to the number of components and printed circuit boards. It does look manageable, however.

Korg also kick in a bundle of music software. European prices are £1,699 and €1,889 recommended retail price (RRP). I’m still waiting for official USA pricing. Update: And that will be $1,800 USD street. Ouch.

I hope the ODYSSEY FS kit is not a ghost. Where is the NTS-2, Korg?

Copyright © 2023 Paul J. Drongowski

NAMM 2023: Roland SH-4D

This week’s launch Thursday goes to the Roland SH-4D Desktop Synthesizer (AKA a “module”). I don’t know which is worse: the over-the-top marketing-speak, the seizure inducing media, or endless scrolling through pop-up site graphics. Save some eyestrain and go right to the Soundcloud demos.

Roland SH-4D Desktop Synthesizer

We report the facts without glitz:

  • 11 oscillator models: SH-4D, SH-3D, SYNC, SH-101, JUNO-106, Cross FM, RING, WAVETABLE, CHORD, DRAWING PCM, Rhythm
  • 60 voice polyphony
  • 5 parts (4 tone, 1 rhythm)
  • Modulation matrix
  • Effects: Reverb, Chorus, MFX, Delay, Master, Master EQ
  • Rhythm part: 49 preset kits plus 64 user slots
  • Arpeggiator
  • Sequencer (5 parts, 64 steps, motion recording)
  • Pattern plus mixing mode (level, pan, chorus, reverb, delay)
  • LCD display 128 x 64 pixels
  • USB-C, 5-pin MIDI IN/OUT, clock IN, audio IN
  • 12 channel USB audio
  • USB (500mA) or battery power (4 AA LR6 or HR6)
  • Battery life: Approximately 4 hours
  • 14.2″ x 7.7″ x 2.6″ (360mm x 195mm x 66mm)
  • 3.9 pounds (1.78kg)

All of this for a fairly reasonable asking price of $650 USD (available March 2023). If you skipped the Boutique series so far, the price and models make the SH-4D irresistible.

The front panel and its controls are small — designed for elfin hands. That would make real-time performance a little tricky. Listening to the demos, I like the sound of this thing.

“Future Retro” in 1960s OCR font? Pu-leaze! I’m sure Roland will be featuring the SH-4D at NAMM, 13-15 April 2023.

Copyright © 2023 Paul J. Drongowski

NAMM 2023: Mini-bites

Astatic M2 from CAD Audio

If you need a small format mixer and USB interface for mobile, the new Astatic M2 from CAD Audio might fit the bill. The Astatic M2 is a multipurpose 2-channel (2 mic/line) analog mixer with a built-in USB interface:

  • USB Type C interface for data and power (rear panel)
  • 2 XLR combo inputs
  • High/low shelving EQ per channel
  • 16-bit/48kHz digital audio
  • Reverb (on/off, level, decay controls)
  • Bus powered
  • +48V phantom power (switch on rear panel)
  • 7″ x 7″ x 2.3″ (18cm x 18cm x 6cm)
  • 1.3 pounds (0.6kg)

The price is certainly right: $60 USD. So, if the M2 gets nicked or trashed, you’re not out much dough.

Astatic M2 mixer/USB I/F

The documentation is kinda sketchy, however. We have to assume class compliance and it looks like the digital audio level into the mixer is set at the source.

Hercules keyboard stands

Hercules keyboard stands aren’t as well-known in these parts as other brands (e.g., Ultimate Support, K&M, On-Stage, Gator), but that’s about to change. Hercules USA offers two product lines, X and Z with a full complement of accessories.

Lately, I’ve been searching for a stand with small front-to-rear depth. My keyboard stand, music stand, and seat need to fit on a four foot deep choir riser. Yeah, I could play standing, but dancing on the pedals is difficult. Pickin’s are slim if you need to minimize your front-to-back footprint.

Stands for mini-keyboards (e.g., Reface, Arturia, etc.) is another niche waiting to be filled. My Keylab Essential 49 is just a bit too narrow for most keyboard stands opened wide for a comfortable sitting position. Worse, manufacturers do not publish height/width for the intermediate positions of an adjustable stand. Only Quik Lok publishes this essential information. (See example diagram below.)

What we need, people (Quik Lok T-10)

Most of us are buying on-line, people. Give us what we need to make decisions!

Acquisitions

Yamaha continue to grow. Yamaha Guitar Group, Inc. (a U.S. subsidiary of Japan-based Yamaha Corporation) have acquired the Córdoba Music Group (CMG). CMG started out as a purveyor of nylon guitars. CMG itself eventually acquired Guild Guitars, HumiCase, and DeArmond. The big fish eat the little fish. Now add “Guild” along side of “Ampeg” in the Yamaha line-up.

Synths are the tail of the big dog. Strings — pianos and git-tars — still rule the roost at Yamaha in terms of sales (by dollar and by unit volume). Ponder that while waiting for AN-X. 🙂 Or, CK61/CK88.

Copyright © 2023 Paul J. Drongowski

Nord Stage 4 preview

Nordic hearts are a flutter as the new Nord Stage 4 breaks cover. The official premiere is 16 February 2023, and, as usual, details are escaping early. Surely, Nord will feature the NS4 at NAMM 2023 (13-15 April 2023).

Nord Stage 4

The Nord Stage 4 has three models:

  • Fully-weighted 88 keys ($5699 USD MAP)
  • Fully-weighted 73 keys HA73 ($5399 USD)
  • Semi-weighted 73 keys Compact ($4899 USD)

Stage 4 Youtube videos are now unlocked.

The prices are high — typical for a premium product. Forum folk like to trash the Yamaha Genos price, $6000 MAP. When it comes to premium keyboards, please don’t click on the Buy button. Shop around. Find a reliable independent dealer who is willing to negotiate. When it comes to arrangers, I recommend AudioProCT in Connecticut. Visit the store or call to see if they will beat the Minimum Advertised Price (MAP). I bought Genos for less than the MAP price of an NS4 Compact.

Also, there is a rumor of a partnership agreement between Nord and Fazioli for Fazioli/Nord hybrid grand pianos. Fazioli craft beautiful “Special Models” like the Marco Polo.

Fazioli Marco Polo grand piano

A match made in (marketing) heaven. 🙂

Copyright © 2023 Paul J. Drongowski

In the works: Kiviak WoFi

Not much is known about the new sampling instrument from Kiviak Technologies in France. Their Instagram page touts:

  • Classic sampler emulation and player modes.
  • Sampling from the built-in microphone or LINE IN.
  • Connectivity: Stereo audio, MIDI, USB, CV, Gate, Clock.
  • Filter, assignable envelope generator and LFO.
  • Texturer [chaos, dirt, density, and spatiality].
  • Patch/content sharing via the mywo.fi cloud or cartridge.
  • Two octave mini-keys and pads for sequencing.
  • Cloud, cartridge, WiFi, sharing and other functions accessible through dedicated buttons.
Kiviak Technologies WoFi (mock-up)

I don’t like to get ahead of product announcements, but maybe a little constructive feedback would be helpful at this stage:

  • Two octaves C-to-C is too short to play real music. If spec’ing two octaves, make the keyboard F-to-F which covers the range of the human voice.
  • 25 mini-keys are too small to play with both hands.
  • I smell a subscription to their proprietary cloud. I despise subscriptions. Roli is attempting this with Lumi Keys. Are they making any money?
  • The cartridge is proprietary, too. It would be better to use a USB flash drive. Proprietary cartridges smack of 1980s game machines.
Kiviak WoFi cartridge [?]

The industrial design is nice. No price information is available nor release date.

Copyright © 2023 Paul J. Drongowski